Morphometric Study and Branching Patterns of External Carotid Artery Using Computed Tomography Angiography Among the South Indian Population: A Retrospective Study.

INTRODUCTION: The prime source of vascularization to the head and neck region is through the carotid arteries. The terminal branches of common carotid arteries, such as external carotid artery (ECA) and internal carotid artery (ICA), and their branches are crucial due to the wide area of distribution and variations in their branching pattern. The branching pattern and morphometry are essential for surgeons in the planning and execution of head and neck surgeries. Therefore, this study was conducted to observe the branching patterns of ECA and analyze them morphometrically. MATERIALS AND METHODS: This retrospective study includes 100 CT images, inclusive of 32 females and 68 males. The branching pattern and luminal diameter of CCA and ECA were measured and analyzed statistically. RESULTS: The luminal diameter of CCA in males were as follows: 7.4 ± 1.01 (R), 7.1 ± 0.8 (L), and in females: 7.3 ± 0.9 (R), 7 ± 0.9mm (L); and the luminal diameter of ECA in males: 5.2 ± 1.0mm (R), 5.2 ± 0.9mm (L), and in females: 5.0 ± 0.9mm (R), 5.1 ± 1.0mm (L). The level of the carotid bifurcation and ECA branching pattern was observed, and variations were commonly seen in the superior thyroid artery (STA), lingual artery (LA), and facial artery (FA).  Conclusion: The findings of the present study with regard to the external carotid artery and its branching pattern correlate with previous studies. The most common variations were observed in the superior thyroid and lingual and facial arteries. Knowledge about the morphology and branching pattern of the carotid artery is essential for procedures such as intra-arterial chemotherapy, carotid artery stenting, endarterectomy, and extra-intra cranial bypass revascularization procedure where it is harvested as a donor's vessel.

Donor Oath: Respect to the Mortal Teacher to Learn Ethics and Humanitarian Values of Anatomy.

The basic framework of the term "respect" is equality recognition. Students and teachers in academic institutions can have varying definitions of respect. Respect in the learning environment is critical for student success. This study aims to look into how students' perceptions of the human body in the anatomy lab and their respect for them can be used to promote ethical obligations, humanitarian principles, and their interrelationships. It is a descriptive, questionnaire-based study with 20 questions and a consent form that involves 250 students in the first year of MBBS. Using Microsoft Excel 2019, the data were collected, tabulated, and interpreted using descriptive statistics. The donor oath is a way to emphasize that the human body in front of them was once alive. The donor oath establishes the groundwork for future efforts to adapt existing frameworks for ethical decision-making and humanitarian values.

Preliminary studies for a new antibiotic from the marine mollusk Melo melo (Lightfoot, 1786)

OBJECTIVE@#To search for new bioactive compounds from marine mollusks Melo melo (M. melo).@*METHODS@#Preliminary work for bioactive compound was identified by using disc diffusion methods against human pathogens. Further analyses of compound were done by using TLC, SDS-PAGE. And also estimate the amount of protein in the samples by following Biuret method.@*RESULTS@#In antibacterial activity the maximum diameter of 24 mm zone of inhibition was recorded against Klebsiella pneumoniae (K. pneumoniae) strain of the mucus extract and minimum zone of inhibition of 11 mm was observed in Salmonella typhi (S. typhi) strain of body tissue extract. The antifungal activity of the extraction shows maximum activity against Trichophyton mentagarophytes (T. mentagarophytes) (14 mm) and minimum activity was recorded in Aspergillus flavus (A. flavus) (11 mm). The extract of mucus, nerve tissue, body tissue and kidney that showed antimicrobial activity was subjected to TLC to determine the presence of the peptides and amide groups, and also subjected to SDS-PAGE to estimate the molecular weight of proteins in a clear band were detected in the gel that represented kidney, body tissue, brain and mucus represent 14, 17, 22, 45 kDa.@*CONCLUSIONS@#The extracts from marine mollusks M. melo is the potential source of producing bioactive compounds against human pathogens and can be used for synthesis of new drugs.

Giant cutaneous horn.

A 53-year-old male presented with a giant cutaneous horn over the left leg. Cutaneous horn was excised and primary closure of the defect was done under spinal anesthesia. Histopathology showed underlying seborrheic keratosis. Cutaneous horn has been noticed on top of many clinical conditions of diverse etiology, such as actinic keratoses, wart, molluscum contagiosum, seborrheic keratoses, keratoacanthoma, basal cell and squamous cell carcinoma. We report a patient with giant cutaneous horn on the leg successfully treated by excision and wound closure.